Principles Of Primary Health Care And Role Of Nurses †Free Samples

Question: Talk about the Principles Of Primary Health Care And Role Of Nurses. Answer: Presentation The report presents a short review of the great and successful job of medical caretakers in proficient practice. It clarifies that how the medical caretakers serving the general public through their compelling work in the emergency clinics. The expert practice which is talked in the report is the Physiotherapy. The report shows that how medical attendants assume a fundamental job on in rewarding the patient. The report likewise shows how medical attendants function as an advocate, spark, and supporter for the group of the patient. The medical caretakers assume an indispensable job in the general public. It likewise tells the job of attendants in essential medicinal services of the patients. Job of medical caretakers in the expert act of physiotherapy The job of physiotherapist is to treat patients in a subjective medicinal services. They assume a significant job in interminable infection the board, self-administration procedures, way of life and physical action. Their care staff is commonly the medical attendants who deal with the activity according to the physiotherapists direction. The job of medical attendants is a significant human services administration gave to the people and network (Lowe, Plummer, OBrien Boyd, 2012). They function as a wellbeing teacher, advocate, and helper. They work for keeping the patient from sickness, wellbeing advancement, and convenient recuperation of the patient. Under the act of physiotherapy, they are encouraged to make all the game plans for the activity so that there ought to be no way of hazard. Their work during the activity is to comprehend what the prerequisite of the specialists and hand over the vital device nearby. It is significant for them to comprehend with respect to what is said by the specialist. Any sort of bombing in understanding the specialist can prompt difficult issues. Prior to the activity, the medical attendants are similarly worried about the patients life (Lefmann Sheppard, 2014). They are considered answerable for looking the patients wellbeing, opportune giving them the prescriptions, coordinating with their prerequisites and making a decent connection with the patient to know his mental perspective. The medical caretakers assume a significant job in the calling of specialist. Physiotherapy in spite of the fact that is a significant calling where the help of attendant is required. They are the colleagues who help the specialist in the treatment. The job of medical caretakers in the calling of physiotherapy is to make a legitimate correspondence with the relatives of the patient for any reason. Their work is to deal with all the customs identifying with the strength of the patient (Stuart, 2013). They likewise do the desk work, for example, req uesting to top off the structure, to give initials on the understanding and so on medical caretakers additionally function as a manual for the patient and his relatives by giving them moral help the patient wellbeing. The patient is treated by the specialist however the record of conceding the patient till its release is kept up by the medical attendants (Cobbe, Nugent, Real, Slattery Lynch, 2013). The attendants function as a clinical professional who causes patient to recoup from the malady. Medical attendants are by and large observed helping the patients by giving them home administrations. They function as an assistant, spark, and supporter for the group of patient and patient too. Through the assistance of medical caretakers, crafted by physiotherapist turns out to be simple and less an ideal opportunity to devour (Hayes, OBrien-Pallas, Duffield, Shamian, Buchan, Hughes North, 2012). The job of a medical attendant helping a physiotherapist is a noteworthy job. The medical attendants are very much prepared and they are educated even before the activity. They help the specialists every way under the sun. Crafted by nursing isn't a simple undertaking. It requires a great deal of devotion and difficult work. They keep up direct coordination and correspondence with experts and specialists to guarantee that a patients objectives and security are being met with them. Subsequentl y, medical caretakers fill in as chief and instructor for giving medicinal services administrations to the patients. They have a great deal of persistence as they as a rule need to confront a ton of maltreatment by the disappointed relatives instead of specialists (Donelan, DesRoches, Dittus Buerhaus, 2013). Medical attendants are the huge part of social insurance community. They serve the patients with no narrow minded rationale. they resemble the edges send by the god for their assistance. Since the activity of a medical attendant is viewed as a restricted undertaking, their compensation and motivating forces are superfluous as per their work. This turns into a major worry for them. For better working of the medical caretakers, specialists ought to give them great cash to them. This will make them work better towards the patient (Okwaraji En, 2014). Attendants accumulate a great deal of understanding while at the same time working with physiotherapists, this aides in fathoming the greater part of the questions of the patient and the family. The pretended by medical caretakers is exemplary. They work productively and successfully. The specialist and medical caretaker fill in as a group. The medical attendants are significant which develops trust on them without any problem. The interest for the medical attendants in todays world is expanding to an enormous degree. Their administration requested on high installments. The job of medical caretakers working under physiotherapist has reinforced turning into his very own specialist. Presently it is expected that the job of attendants in physiotherapist is apparent (Fairman, Rowe, Hassmiller Shalala, 2011). They play a urgent and critical job in the general public. The specialists can't do their expert without nursing staff support. The legislature ought to support and upgrade the job of attendants. The specialists ought to give all the offices to the nursing staff. Individuals ought to likewise offer help to the nu rsing staff (Duffy, 2013). Other than this, nursing staff assumes an essential job in clinical social insurance. Essential Health Care The Primary social insurance is a capacity to get treatment by utilizing logical and mental perspectives. It is the procedure of examining and rewarding the patients with great medicines. It is primarily a medicinal services which is made to treat people with legitimate headway strategies. This administration is likewise acknowledged by the patients as it makes no mischief and it is valuable for the patients. The expense of the treatment is moderately modest. It is something that is effectively managed by the network. It dismisses the utilization of customary techniques (Parahoo, 2014). It is an approach to achieve better wellbeing administration. It manages the minor issues of wellbeing looked by the people. Essential medicinal services delineates the states of economy and the attributes identifying with sociocultural of the nation. It centers around the significant medical issues winning in the network. It gives data about the medical issues which is a worry of training. It tells t he strategies for controlling and forestalling those wellbeing related issues. The essential human services administrations are available in the whole related wellbeing segment which brings about the improvement of the network. The essential human services habitats are created to give fundamental offices to the patients to defeat their concern identifying with wellbeing. It is a method of developing human services (Garrosa, Moreno-Jimnez, Rodrguez-Muoz Rodrguez-Carvajal, 2011). Standards of essential social insurance administration: The wellbeing administration gave by essential social insurance is generally less expensive than different administrations. The costs are effectively reasonable. There have been numerous network administrations which have created in advancing and upgrading the medicinal services by decreasing the relative issue. It is utilized for tackling the issues of people just as the network. In essential human services, there is a creative utilization of clinical advancements to give social insurance administrations to them. The attendants utilize the creative clinical advancements to give the medicinal services administrations to the individuals (Salanova, Lorente, Chambel Martnez, 2011). The people group arrange and team up in giving the medicinal services and wellbeing administrations to the patients. This includes an advantage in the soundness of the patients. These are the significant rule of essential social insurance administrations which are given by the Primary medicinal services nursing staff. The jobs of essential medicinal services attendants are expanding step by step. The nursing staff assumes an imperative job in essential social insurance (Boud Molloy, 2013). Then again, different issues are looked by the nursing staff. Once in a while, specialists act mischievously with nursing staff. They don't give great wages and bundles to them. Along these lines, many nursing staff doesn't incline toward clinic work. The orderlies and gatekeepers of the patients get into mischief and maltreatment to the medical attendants. It isn't useful for the general public, in this manner the individuals should regard them. End The exposition depends on the job of attendants in essential human services. It clarifies that how nursing staff assumes an indispensable job in the activity done by the specialists. They follow the sets of the specialist and help them on what they state. The paper contains the great and awful viewpoints that the medical attendant needs to experience in their calling. They are paid less contrasted and what endeavors they put in. There has been an enormous advancement in the field of clinical science with the contribution of medical attendants helping the specialists. The legislature must offer help and fundamental offices to the medical caretakers in the general public. References Boud, D., Molloy, E. (Eds.). (2013).Feedback in higher and proficient instruction: getting it and doing it well. Routledge. Cobbe, S., Nugent, K., Real, S., Slattery, S., Lynch, M. (2013). A profile of hospice-at-home physiotherapy for network staying palliative consideration patients.International diary of palliative nursing. Donelan, K., DesRoches, C. M., Dittus, R. S., Buerhaus, P. (2013). Points of view of doctors and attendant experts on essential consideration practice.New England Journal of Medicine,368(20), 1898-1906. Duffy, R. (2013). Attendant to teacher? Scholarly jobs and the development of individual scholastic identities.Nurse Education Today,33(6), 620-624. Fairman, J. A., Rowe, J. W., Hassmiller, S., Shalala, D. E. (2011). Widening the extent of nursing practice.New England Journal of Medicine,364(3), 193-196. G

End of Life & Dementia Care Essay

1.1 Dementia is a dynamic malady where an individual’s cerebrum capacities crumble and influences their psychological abilities. This ailment is hopeless which is like another terminal disease, for example, malignant growth. Manifestations of dementia will influence an individual’s memory prompting misfortune and confounding, language/correspondence, comprehension and judgment. Drug can be endorsed to help hinder the movement of side effects. Inside the further developed stages the individual will generally experience the ill effects of incontinence, constrained portability and restricted correspondence as a rule the individual won't have the option to utilize sentences simply restricted words. Different side effects that exacerbate like those with a terminal sickness are: goal, trouble with breathing, pressure wounds from absence of portability, unrecognizable indications of torment (will most likely be unable to convey) this could prompt the individual not being treat ed for torment. 1.2 The finish of life experience may separate between the individuals who need to dementia to the individuals who people without. An individual may need understanding encompassing the determination being made, they may have had manifestations for a more extended timeframe before a conclusion had been made. This can prompt disarray regarding why they are having side effects and the manner in which they are feeling. An individual’s correspondence might be restricted, so they will most likely be unable to communicate their sentiments, changes in side effects and agony. This can prompt misery/nervousness which impacts on the individual’s conduct I.e. verbally forceful, changes in craving. Absence of correspondence with respect to torment could affect on the nature of care and clinical treatment, as guardians are the essential wellspring of perceiving an individual’s torment through sounds instead of discourse and non verbal correspondence. Though somebody who doesnà ¢â‚¬â„¢t have dementia might be capable comprehend an analysis and connect completely on how this can influence their wellbeing through a sickness advancing. 1.3 Person focused consideration has gone under Health and social consideration act which states â€Å"that individuals should settle on decisions about their lives and they ought to be at the focal point of all planning†. Is it significant having the individual at the focal point of constantly of thinking about somebody and when end ofâ life is drawing nearer. The consideration gave to a person inside this ought to be based around their decisions, convictions, qualities and choices which may have been made ahead of time. Filling in as a carer these ought to be regarded. For instance knowing the individual’s likes/hates encompassing food, drinks, attire, to have authorization to give drug when the individual can't verbally assent. 1.4 In the prior phases of dementia it is significant that the carer works close by and incorporates the individual and their family to make arrangements to mirror the individual’s wishes to be thought about toward the finish of life, before the dementia advances and leaves the individual incapable to convey their desires. In any case a designated individual would need to settle on choices for the person which could leave them feel troubled and despondent. Arranging and evaluating permits time to get ready for the consideration over the couple of long periods of life including in the afterlife. These propelled care plans mirror the individual’s qualities, convictions and decisions I.e. way of life, accounts, drug, DNAR’s, memorial service plans, after death care, selected individual for as/when the individual needs limit under the Mental wellbeing act to settle on â€Å"best interest† choices for their sake. 2.1 Pain in people with dementia is inadequately perceived and undertreated can be because of absence of correspondence. This is subject to what stage the individual is at inside their dementia and how well the parental figures know the person. A few people perhaps ready to verbally impart to carers in the event that they are in torment by utilizing single words and utilizing non verbal techniques I.e. highlighting what harms yet as this infections advances the individual’s capacity to communicate will intensify. In the event that agony is going unrecognized, at that point there would be no clinical mediation, which could cause more torment and will affect on the individual’s wellbeing and practices. 2.2 In the prior stages individual’s might have the option to communicate torment through verbal and non verbal correspondence, together the carer could perceive that they are in torment and an unpleasant zone of where this is coming from. This will empower carers to have the option to give clinical mediation if necessary I.e. Directing PRN paracetamol or looking for clinical consideration from a medical caretaker/specialist when required. Parental figures should utilize clear inquiries when addressing somebody with dementia as it might take them somewhat longer to process what is being inquired. As the dementia advances the individual could be not able to convey, however they might have the option to communicate torment through clamor I.e. shouts, yet these could be handily misjudged via care suppliers as a â€Å"normal† conduct if these are ordinary events. 2.3 When agony has been perceived via care suppliers, correspondence with the individual is significant where conceivable dependant of their capacity to be verbal and how much limit the individual needs to comprehend their torment. Parental figures will persistently screen and watch the person for changes in necessities and record these inside the every day care notes inside the consideration plan. Dependant on the sort of torment will rely upon what clinical mediation will be best for the person through guidance from other wellbeing experts. Wellbeing experts offer help to mind suppliers to function as a multi-disciplinary group to advance the prosperity of the person to watch, screen side effects just as the consideration staff. Care staff can give over the counter meds according to mind plan, or the specialist/medical attendants can recommend more grounded help with discomfort and controlled medications. As end of life gets closer palliative attendant would visit to screen the individual and prompt staff on how best to think about the individual and what side effects to search for over the most recent couple of long stretches of life I.e. changes in skin shading, increment of emissions. Meds perhaps expanded I.e. syringe drivers, which will help facilitate the torment and to make the individual progressively agreeable. Guidance from associates and other wellbeing experts will bolster parental figures about non cured strategies, these can be the manner by which best to situate the individual, how frequently they ought to be repositioned to forestall pressure wounds, healthy skin †keep the skin away from bruises, attempting to keep the mouth perfect as there would be expanded emissions from the mouth, counsel on liquid admission, techniques how to attempt to energize liquid admission for example spooning savors, changes food I.e delicate. The individual ought to have a propelled care plan which guardians would use to meet the people needs and wants for instance in the event that they have a DNAR set up, at that point CPR would not be given. 3.1 Carers may feel blame and stress and the finish of life of a person with dementia since they may have felt adverse feelings towards the person all through the phases of dementia. At analysis the carer might not have acknowledged the conclusion and treated the individual ordinarily which could have caused disappointment between the individual/carer or they could have been trying to claim ignorance of the finding and treated the individual â€Å"normally†, so the necessities of the individual might not have been met completely. This could of affected on the conduct of the person to get upset or pulled back in the event that they believe they are a weight. The carer may not completely comprehend the indications of dementia particularly testing conduct I.e. yelling out/animosity. The carer may have felt negative feelings, for example, shame and may have lost their temper or wanted to hurt the individual and they are disappointed with the consistent needs of help the individual has. At the point when dementia has advanced and the carer may have been worried from assuming on the liability of mindful on the off chance that they have not had standard breaks. Be that as it may, then again the carer may feel regretful for taking breaks and leaving them for different administrations to care for them. The carer may have needed to settle on troublesome choices in regards to convenience for the individual, for example, going into private consideration as they believe they can no longer adapt to the obligation of taking care of them. After death the carer may feel they have allowed the person to individual and not thought about them all around ok dependent on their own desires for themselves, they may likewise lament certain choices I.e. private consideration. 3.2 Carers can be upheld by different experts to see how the finish of life procedure may vary for people with dementia. Any wellbeing proficient associated with the individual’s care can offer help and exhortation I.e. GP’s, medical attendants, palliative attendants and social laborers. They can likewise recommend useful administrations offered to carers as help where they can proceed to talk about the procedure with prepared experts and different carers. Correspondence between family, carers, wellbeing experts is crucial with end of life care as this can give consolation that the individual is being thought about is agreeable as could reasonably be expected, likewise to keep educated regarding any adjustments in the individual’s wellbeing I.e. refusal/absence of capacity to drink. A familyâ member may have been decided to be the individual’s intensity of lawyer in the propelled care plan once limit has been lost. This would have been recorded under the Mental Health Act. This picked individual would should be associated with choices nearby specialists. All the individuals associated with the consideration of the individual will bolster one another, answer any inquiries, and work close by any propelled plans which ought to have been set up. As towards end of life the individual won’t have the option to settle on their own choices so another person should do this to the greatest advantage of

Grounding Techniques for Coping With PTSD

Grounding Techniques for Coping With PTSD PTSD Coping Print Grounding Techniques for Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder Using the Five Senses to Cope By Matthew Tull, PhD twitter Matthew Tull, PhD is a professor of psychology at the University of Toledo, specializing in post-traumatic stress disorder. Learn about our editorial policy Matthew Tull, PhD Reviewed by Reviewed by Amy Morin, LCSW on August 30, 2019 facebook twitter instagram Amy Morin, LCSW, is a psychotherapist, author of the bestselling book 13 Things Mentally Strong People Dont Do, and a highly sought-after speaker. Learn about our Wellness Board Amy Morin, LCSW Updated on November 11, 2019 Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder Overview Symptoms & Diagnosis Causes & Risk Factors Treatment Living With In Children Artem Varnitsin / EyeEm / Getty Images Grounding is a particular type of coping strategy that is designed to ground you in, or immediately connect you with, the present moment. Grounding is often used as a way of coping with flashbacks or dissociation when you have post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD).?? Because of its focus on being present in the moment, grounding can be considered a variant of mindfulness. It can also be a method of distraction to get you out of your head and away from upsetting thoughts, memories, or feelings. How Grounding Works Grounding techniques often use the five sensesâ€"sound, touch, smell, taste, and sightâ€"to immediately connect you with the here and now. For example, singing a song, rubbing lotion on your hands, or sucking on some sour candy are all grounding techniques that produce sensations that are difficult to ignore or distract you from whats going on in your mind. This helps you directly and instantaneously connect with the present moment.?? At the same time, grounding reduces the likelihood that you will slip into a flashback or dissociation. Grounding is highly personal. What may work for one person may trigger anxiety or flashbacks in another. You may need to do some trial and error before you figure out what grounding techniques work best for you. Pay attention to the coping mechanisms youve already developed to help you get through flashbacks and anxiety and see if you can build on them and/or use them as grounding techniques. Grounding Techniques To connect with the here and now, do something (or several things) that will bring all your attention to the present moment. Be sure to keep your eyes open while youre grounding yourself so youre aware of everything thats going on around you. If you notice that youre slipping into a flashback or a dissociative state, try some of these grounding techniques.?? Sound Turn up the radio or blast your favorite song.Talk out loud about what you see, hear, or what youre thinking or doing.??Call a loved one.Put on some nature sounds such as birds chirping or waves crashing.Read out loud, whether its a favorite childrens book, a blog article, or the latest novel. Touch Hold an ice cube and let it melt in your hand.Put your hands under running water.??Take a hot or cool shower.Grab an article of clothing, a blanket, or a towel and knead it in your hands or hold it to your cheek. Concentrate on what it feels like.Rub your hand lightly over the carpet or a piece of furniture, noting the texture.Pop some bubble wrap.Massage your temples.If you have a dog or cat, cuddle and pet him or her.Drink a hot or cold beverage. Smell Sniff strong peppermint, which also has the benefit of having a soothing effect.??Light a scented candle or melt scented wax.Get some essential oils that remind you of good times (freshly cut grass, rain, clean laundry, or sugar cookies, for example) and smell one. Taste Bite into a lemon or lime.Suck on a mint or chew peppermint or cinnamon gum.Take a bite of a pepper or some hot salsa.Let a piece of chocolate melt in your mouth, noticing how it tastes and feels as you roll it around with your tongue. Sight Take a mental inventory of everything around you, such as all the colors and patterns you see, the sounds you hear, and the scents you smell. Saying this out loud is helpful too.Count all the pieces of furniture around you.Put on your favorite movie or TV show.Play a distracting game on your tablet, computer, or smartphone.Complete a crossword puzzle, sudoku, word search, or other puzzles.Read a book or magazine. Other Write in a journal about how youre feeling or keep a list of prompts handy that you can use to decide what to write about.Write a letter or card to someone you care about.Dance.Stretch your arms, neck, and legs.Go for a walk or run.Take 10 slow, deep breaths.Go to another room or area for a change of scenery. Grounding Can Be Done Anywhere The nice thing about using grounding as a coping technique is that many of these techniques can be done in any environment.?? You might be home alone or out in public, but once you feel that flashback or dissociation coming on, you can use grounding to move your focus back to the present. Working on grounding takes dedication and it becomes easier over time. If these particular grounding techniques dont work for you, try something else. For example, some people find that a rubber band on their wrist is useful to snap them back to the moment. The ultimate goal is to live in the now and focus on the present when the past starts coming up.?? Treatment for PTSD If you arent getting treatment for your PTSD but would like to, you can find PTSD treatment providers in your area through the Anxiety Disorder Association of America website. The International Society for the Study of Trauma and Dissociation (ISSTD) also provides a wealth of information on the connection between trauma and dissociation, how to cope with dissociation, and links to therapists who treat trauma and dissociation.

The New Jim Crow Incarceration - 1470 Words

Michelle Alexander is a highly celebrated civil rights lawyer, advocate, and legal scholar. In her book, The New Jim Crow: Incarceration in the Age of Colorblindness, Alexander discusses the legal systems that seem to be doing their jobs perfectly well but have in fact just replaced one racial caste system with a new one. Cornel West called her book the â€Å"Secular Bible of a new social movement.† In 2011, the NAACP gave her book the image award for best Nonfiction. In this book, she focuses on racial problems in the past as well as the present and argues that the problems are basically the same, if not worse. She uses examples as well as metaphors. Alexander’s research is beautifully done and is very motivating to read. She paints a devastating picture of the new Jim Crow and how it functions in the world we live in. She uses images that make you cringe but at the same time persuades you that it is in fact all true. In her book, Alexander explains that since the Jim Crow laws that legalized segregation have ended, new forms of a racial caste system have been born. â€Å"What has changed since the collapse of Jim Crow has less to do with the basic structure of our society than with the language we use to justify it. In the era of colorblindness, it is no longer socially permissible to use race, explicitly, as a justiï ¬ cation for discrimination, exclusion, and social contempt. So we don’t. Rather than directly rely on race, we use the criminal justice system to label people of colorShow MoreRelatedThe New Jim Crow : Mass Incarceration1370 Words   |  6 Pagesunrecognizable ways that fit into the fabric of the American society to render it nearly invisible to the majority of Americans. Michelle Alexander, in her book, The New Jim Crow: Mass Incarceration in the Age of Colorblindness shatters this dominantly held belief. The New Jim Crow makes a reader profoundly question whether the h igh rates of incarceration in the United States is an attempt to maintain blacks as an underclass. Michelle Alexander makes the assertion that â€Å"[w]e have not ended racial caste in America;Read MoreThe New Jim Crow : Mass Incarceration1361 Words   |  6 PagesBook Review Michelle Alexander, The New Jim Crow: Mass Incarceration in the Age of Colorblindness The premise of the ‘The New Jim Crow: Mass Incarceration in the Age of Colorblindness’ by Michelle Alexander, is to refute claims that racism is dead and argue that the War on Drugs and the federal drug policy unfairly targets communities of color, keeping a large majority of black men of varying ages in a cycle of poverty and behind bars. The author proves that racism thrives by highlighting theRead MoreThe New Jim Crow : Mass Incarceration1477 Words   |  6 PagesThe New Jim Crow: Mass Incarceration in the Age of Color Blindness, by Michelle Alexander. The New Press, 2010. 290 pages. Reviewed by Ashlei G Cameron. Michelle alexander is a highly acclaimed civil rights lawyer, advocate and legal scholar. As an associate professor of law at Standford law school, she directed the Civil Rights Clinic and pursued a research agenda focused on the intersection of race and criminal justice. In 2005. Alexander won a Soros Justice Fellowship that supported the writingRead MoreThe New Jim Crow : Mass Incarceration1081 Words   |  5 Pages Michelle Alexander’s The New Jim Crow: Mass Incarceration in the Age of Colorblindness outlines how the criminal justice system has systematically designed new methods of discriminating against African Americans. The book advocates for racial justice, specifically, for African Americans and contends they [African Americans] were targeted and subsequently incarcerated, by white voters and public officials, through the War on Drugs campaign. President Reagan and his Administration exploited racialRead MoreThe New Jim Crow : Mass Incarceration1347 Words   |   6 PagesHunter Silver Dr. Kendall Smith English 103-4120 10 November 2015 High Incarceration Rates Due to Racism Racism effects the the high incarceration rates according to Michelle Alexander, the author of â€Å"The New Jim Crow: Mass Incarceration in the Age of Colorblindness. This scholar writes about how the civil rights movement has been taken back by the mass incarceration of black Americans in the war on drugs. Alexander also explains how the severe consequences that these black men carry on afterRead MoreThe New Jim Crow : Mass Incarceration1199 Words   |  5 Pagesthose who did read her book The New Jim Crow: Mass Incarceration In The Age of Colorblindness. Michelle Alexander stated that The most despised in America is not gays, transgenders, nor even illegal immigrants - it is criminals. That was an important quote since the stereotypical criminal in our racially divided America in most cases are those of color also known as blacks. This is why the criminal justice system in the United States promotes the mass incarceration of blacks that can be seen throughRead MoreThe New Ji m Crow : Mass Incarceration Essay1401 Words   |  6 Pages Michelle Alexander’s book, The New Jim Crow: Mass Incarceration in the Age of Colorblindness, examines mass incarceration in the United States, why the criminal justice system works the way it does towards minorities, the detriments associated with mass incarceration as it relates to offenders, and much more. In the introduction of her book, Alexander immediately paints the harsh reality of mass incarceration with the story of Jarvious Cotton who is denied the right to vote among other rights becauseRead MoreThe New Jim Crow Mass Incarceration Essay1797 Words   |  8 PagesJim Crow laws are regarded as part of the racial caste system that operated in the Southern and Border States in the years between 1877 and the mid-1960s. Under the series of the anti-black laws, African Americans were treated as inferior and second class citizens. The laws have been argued to have represented the legitimization of the anti-blac k racism in the US. The book The New Jim Crow Mass Incarceration in the Age of Colorblindness is written by Michelle Alexander and originally published byRead MoreThe New Jim Crow : Mass Incarceration1547 Words   |  7 PagesSSP101 Final Michelle Alexander is a noble civil rights advocate and writer. She is best known for her 2010 book The New Jim Crow: Mass Incarceration in the age of colorblindness. Michelle Alexander writes that the many gains of the civil rights movement have been undermined by the mass incarceration of black Americans in the war on drugs. She says that although Jim Crow laws are now off the books, millions of blacks arrested for minor crimes remain marginalized and disfranchised, trapped byRead MoreThe New Jim Crow : Mass Incarceration Essay1096 Words   |  5 PagesAlexander, Michelle. The New Jim Crow: Mass Incarceration in the Age of Colorblindness. New York: The New Press, 2010. Study Questions for â€Å"The New Jim Crow†: 1) What is the relationship between the War on Drugs and the spread of crack cocaine through inner city neighborhoods in the 1980s? President Ronald Reagan officially announced the current drug war in 1982, before crack became an issue in the media or a crisis in poor black neighborhoods. A few years after the drug war was declared, crack

The Break-Up Movie Analysis - 1248 Words

The film starts off with the protagonists’ encounter in a baseball tournament. Invitation communication begins with Gary asking Brooke if she would like to have a hotdog. On relationship meaning level, it reflects Gary’s interest in knowing Brooke. By the end of the tournament, Gary tries to ask her out, exploring the possibilities for a relationship with her. Despite Brooke calling him â€Å"crazy†, she still chuckles and responds to Gary’s pick-up lines, hinting that Brooke is not totally uninterested. It is quickly followed by the opening credits with intimate photos that captured the intensifying communication stage between the protagonists. Their long term commitment takes the form of cohabitation, thus completing the escalation phase of†¦show more content†¦They should show empathy for their partner, and give interpersonal confirmation by endorsement. Instead than exiting completely, the protagonists could take a time out and bring the issue back to the table when both parties are ready. However, instead of coming to a resolution, they enter the social support process by telling their friends about their problems. (This shows that Gary and Brooke lack of communication with each other and might possibly lead to a breakup.)From their conversation, we could infer the conflict management style the protagonists predominately adopt. Brooke seems to take on the competing style as she puts the blames on Gary, hoping that Gary will change and â€Å"he’s gonna come home and apologize.† Initially, Gary avoided conflict by moving into the living room. He then wilfully irritates Brooke with his behaviours, expressing his disagreement in an indirect manner that shuts down discussion. This puts them in a demand-withdrawal sequence, where Brooke makes demand on Gary to apologize, and Gary avoids it by withdrawing. As they each â€Å"punctuate† the cause of the conflict differently, they blame the other party for t heir behaviours. However, when Gary tries to salvage the situation, Brooke makes it difficult by embarrassing him publicly during the couple bowling competition. They even attack each other family members by using the information disclosed in their earlier stage of the relationship, thusShow MoreRelatedFilm Analysis : The Notebook Essay1109 Words   |  5 PagesFilm Analysis Throughout the movie, The Notebook, there were many different aspects that corresponded with the material learned throughout the semester. There were times were you were able to pin point why each problem was faced based on different character backgrounds. As began to watch the movie, you start to understand the culture aspects of each individual by the way they talk and present themselves, which caused many situations to arise. 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Overpopulation Is Not The Issue - 1382 Words

Overpopulation is blamed for many of todays problems around the world including poverty, hunger, and war. In reality, overpopulation is not the issue. In fact, the term â€Å"overpopulation† shouldn’t even be used because it makes one infer that there is too many people on this planet. That, however, is not true. There are plenty of resources to go around and the population may actually be declining instead of growing. Overpopulation will not be an issue for the future of planet Earth because the poverty rate is decreasing, there is plenty of food for everyone, and birth rates are going down. Poverty decreases as population increases. Poverty isn’t a disease its the lack of a thing like darkness. Poverty usually exists when infrastructure†¦show more content†¦A single human being is incapable of solving some of the most basic problems that need to be solved in order for their lives to improve. With community, however, there is an assembly of minds and an increase in labor that allows people to solve a problem and accomplish a harder and more complex task (Episode 4: Poverty). More people actually helps lower poverty rates. People have more opportunities in urban areas to increase education therefore getting a higher paying job and bringing them out of poverty. There is plenty of food to go around, it just isn’t always distributed evenly. â€Å"The world currently produces enough food for everybody, but many people do not have access to it† (What Causes Hunger?). Something along these line was said by both the United Nations Food and Agricultural Organization (FAO) and the World Food Programme (WFO). We can grow more food on less land now because of genetically modified plants. Plant breeders have worked to find the best variety of plants that can produce the most and resist disease and other natural problems. Since many plants have been genetically modified, they produce higher yields. We are also able to grow food in places where it has now been able to be grown before. This is because of modern technology such as better irrigation systems, adding nutrients and chemicals to the soils, and finding crops that would better adapt to a

Presently Finding Himself In A Situation †Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Presently Finding Himself In A Situation? Answer: Introduction The manager of TripleA Company is presently finding himself in a situation where he is unable to develop a growth strategy for his company. He is facing many difficulties in running the company smoothly and this is mainly due to a particular issue that he has noticed regarding the working attitude of his employees. He is of the opinion that if the situation is not handled and the problems are not redressed, then the company might just go into liquidation in the coming years. Now, the main issue in any research design is the issue of problem identification. Similarly in the case of TripleA Company, the basic problem lies in the proper identification of the cause of the working attitude problem among the employees. There might be many reasons due to which the company employees do not wear the right attitude to work, namely, issues in management, unsuitable work environment, poor promotion or incentive strategies, etc. The task at hand, or in other words, the main objective of this paper is to design a research methodology whereby the main causes behind the working attitude problem of the employees can be identified and the areas where the company can improve so as to enhance the engagement and the performance of the employees can be highlighted or brought to the notice of the top management of the company. Another thing to note is that the working attitude of the employees might look like the real issue to the manager on the face of it. But in reality the problem that the company is facing whereby the overall performance of the employees and with it the performance of the company is failing, might lie elsewhere. So the main objectives of the research design are the following: To identify the causes due to which the company performance is being hampered. To identify the level or area at which the problem is arising. To highlight the areas in which the company management is going wrong and the improvements that can be made by the company to enhance employee engagement and performance. To provide an easy and feasible solution to the problems that will be established from the results of the data analysis. It is a common observation that employees who are dissatisfied with their job, be it for any reason, end up having an undesirable attitude or a negative behavior that can result in the employees underperformance and can hamper the profitability of the company (Meyer, 1997). The study is conducted to ascertain the right method whereby the manager can address the issue at hand. The main objective is to devise the right strategy, the right plan so as to choose the correct method of sampling and the right instrument of data collection which can pin point to the main cause of underperformance and bad working attitude of the employees. Sampling Design Now, since we are dealing with a company that is facing different problems, as stated earlier, first we need to identify the basic areas of problem. In order to do that, we have to devise a sampling method whereby all the different levels of hierarchy in the organization are properly represented so as to study the different levels of management and see wherein the problem lies. The issue might be in the way the top level management works, the middle management works, the bottom management, or a mix or the above. It might be due to lack of communication or trust between the different levels of authority. The flexibility that an employee enjoys in his/her work is found to have a direct effect on their job performance (Richardson, 2014). For this purpose, the right sampling method is the method of Stratified Sampling. Now, stratified sampling is used as a sampling method for populations that do not consist of homogeneous units. In such cases, the population is divided into sub-populations that are more-or-less homogeneous. These sub-populations are known as strata. Then from each stratum, selections are made that form the sample. This type of sampling ensures more accurate estimates where heterogeneous populations are involved (Kothari, 2004). For the purpose of our research, we differentiate between the different stratums based on the level of management that the employee belongs to in order to capture the relationship between the different hierarchies. This sort of stratification will help in making the sample much more representative of the whole company workers. Also, based on these stratums, different issues can be targeted which are more relevant in their own level of management. For example, the communication between the top level management, the directors and managers of the company and the bottom level management, the new recruits or the helping staff might be almost negligible. The higher authorities might be unaware of the distress among the employees. The new recruits and the trainees might be dissatisfied with the work environment or maybe their mentors attitude towards them. There might be problems of different kind all of which together impede the profit making capacity of the company. (Miller, 2014). Theref ore, studying all the different groups is very important in getting an overall picture of what is really going wrong in the company. And this is made possible only with stratified sampling as the method of sampling design. The sample size depends on the workforce of the company. But whatever be the workforce, at least 50% of the workforce should comprise the sample. Since we are talking about a companys performance here and the issue is really crucial since the manager fears the possibility of liquidation in the coming years, we should try to keep the sample size as large as possible and include the opinion of most in order to get more precise estimates and results. For example, lets say TripleA has 3000 employees. These employees are divided according to their levels in the following way: Top level management 50 Middle level management 1000 Bottom level management 1750 Helping staff - 200 So the sampling can be done by considering the different categories as different stratums. And from each of these stratums, we take a certain proportion that forms the sample. Let the proportion be 50. Then from each stratum we take the following numbers: Top level management 25 Middle level management 500 Bottom level management 875 Helping staff 100 So we get a sample of 25 + 500 + 875 + 100 = 1500. If the proportion was taken as 25, then we would get the following numbers: Top level management 13 (rounding off) Middle level management 250 Bottom level management 437 Helping staff 50 So then the sample size would be 13 + 250 + 437 + 50 = 750 Depending on the situation at hand, you might choose different sample sizes. Given, the issue at hand is one of working attitude; a large sample size is more useful. Therefore one should choose a sample which represents the whole workforce proportionally and has a sample size half the size of the population size. Instrument of data collection Data collection is the next step and a very important component of research. The main goal of collecting data is to gather information on certain issues that form the crux of the research study. Based on this information, the data is analyzed and results are drawn. There are many instruments or tools for data collection. Building questionnaires, holding interviews, or simple observation and reading can all be considered as different tools whereby data can be collected for research. Any instrument should been chosen based on how reliable it is as a tool of data collection and how valid it is in providing accurate estimates. For the case at hand, questionnaire seems like an appropriate tool for data collection. There are mainly two forms of questionnaires, structured and unstructured. Structured questionnaires are the restricted ones with a closed form. They are said to be structured in the sense they provide the respondent with questions and a multiple choice for the answers and the r espondent is to check that item which is closest to his/her opinion. Unstructured questionnaires are the open ended type of questionnaires in which the respondents have the liberty to express their opinion and answer in their own words. For the case of the TripleA Company, using structured questionnaire is the most appropriate tool of data collection. Following are the reasons that other tools are not appropriate for the case at hand: Interview: Holding face to face interviews for a large sample size is very time consuming. Also, responses might be biased when questions are asked face to face. In order to capture genuine response, such a method might not always be a good idea. Observation: It will be highly unlikely to get any result out of just observing the situation in the company affairs. A structured questionnaire will be able to bring out the main problem areas among the employees. Knowing their opinion about the company management, the benefits and the incentives provided by the company, and their level of job satisfaction will go a long way in addressing the work attitude problem among them and enhancing their proficiency and productivity. The questionnaire should consist of at least 50 questions on the overall experience of the employees. In this case, a detailed survey is required and so a minimum of 60 questions based on different themes should be framed. After preparing the questions, the questionnaire should be reviewed by a trustworthy and reliable source. An expert opinion should be taken in order to test for the effectiveness and the appropriateness of the survey. The next step should be to conduct a pre-test of the instrument where the sample questionnaire is given to potential respondents so as to improve the quality of the survey, to do away with the errors and the improper wordings and make all the necessary changes based on the opinion of the ones on whom the pre-test is done. Survey Method Sincewe are using a structured questionnaire which allows the respondents to give their opinion in a predetermined construction, it allows for the responses to be converted into statistical data that can be used for proper data analysis. The task at hand is therefore to undertake a quantitative research using survey questionnaire. The selected participants that comprise the sample can be made to take the survey, a questionnaire that includes questions on different themes. The survey will help the manager of the company to focus on the immediate needs of the company and will throw light on the areas for improvement. The questions should be structured in such a way that their answer can be used to draw information on the employees attitude towards work, their assessment of their own performance, their commitment to the company goals, the level of flexibility they have in their work, the overall work environment, the kind of relationship and trust they enjoy with their peers and their s eniors and the level of independence in decision making that they possess and the effect that has on their efforts in work, etc. The main themes that should definitely be featured in the questionnaire are as follows: The work environment/ corporate culture of the company Job satisfaction/ benefits and incentives The stress level of work The work-life balance Training and teamwork Flexibility at work, opportunity for self-improvement and self- development Employee relations Management structure, hierarchy and transparency Pay/Rewards/Recognition Human Resource Communication There are different ways or different scales that can be used to measure and report the responses of the respondents. Based on the question posed, one may use different measures like the measure of agreement or the measure of satisfaction for measuring the response of the participants. Using a 5 point Likert scale is most appropriate in this case. An example of a question using the measure of agreement and a 5 point Likert scale is: Do the managers involve you in the decisions affecting your work? Strongly Disagree Disagree 3. Neutral 4. Agree 5. Strongly Agree Similarly, a measure of satisfaction can also be used depending on the type of question posed and its structure. An example of a question using the measure of satisfaction and a 5 point Likert scale is: Are you happy with the level of efficiency shown by your team members? Very Dissatisfied Dissatisfied 3. Neutral 4. Satisfied 5. Very Satisfied Along with the survey question, there should be a list of items on which general comments can be taken from the participants of the survey. The items should mainly concentrate on the following: Areas that the company feels more efforts can be taken for improvement New initiates that the company has taken for the benefit of its customers or employees and would like an opinion of the employees on the same New initiatives that the company can take for the benefit of the employee While making the survey questions it should be kept in mind that the company has people from different backgrounds who are working at different levels. So, there is a need to have few common questions for all the employees and a section of questions that are particular to the level of post held by the employee. For example, the question given in an above example, as to whether the managers involve the employees in the decisions affecting their work is not appropriate for the top level managers but the employees working under the managers in any project. Similarly the question as to whether the employee is satisfied with the level of efficiency shown by the team members is not meant for the unskilled helping staff. But the question as to whether the employee is happy with the work environment applies to employees of all levels. So a note should be made on the same and separate questionnaires should be made for the employees of different levels. Data Analysis Once the survey is conducted and the participants fill in their responses, the scores got from the Likert scale can be used to conduct statistical tests and data analysis. We can use Microsoft Excel to tabulate the information got from the survey. All the responses got from the employees can be put in a structured format in the excel file. Then you can import the (.xls or .xlsx) file into the software package SPSS for conducting statistical analysis. Once imported to SPSS, we will have a database having the number of variables equal to the number of questions plus two (for the ID of the employee and the gender of the employee). The different tools or methods that can be used for data analysis in this case are as follows: Descriptive Statistics Simple relative frequency tables / Contingency tables Inferential Statistics Hypothesis testing using t-test and ANOVA Regression Analysis Descriptive Statistics The data got from the survey is mainly ordinal data. And hence, the first thing that should be done is create simple relative frequency tables or contingency tables for each of the questions posed or you might just choose the important questions. Based on the frequency tables, we will get an idea of the relative frequency of the different scores on the scale. For example, lets say there were 500 respondents to the question, The Human Resource staff is approachable and responsive when I need any kind of assistance and they responded to the question in the following way: Strongly disagree (1) Disagree (2) Neutral (3) Agree (4) Strongly Agree (5) 42 106 72 41 39 14% 35.33% 24% 13.66% 13% So, we can conclude that 14% of the employee respondents strongly disagree, 35.55% of the employee respondents disagree, 24% of the employee respondents is neutral, 13.66% of the employee respondents agree and 13% of the employee respondents strongly agree to the fact that the Human Resource staff is accessible, approachable and responsive to the needs of the employees. These numbers are random and have been used just for the sake of providing an example. But these percentages give just an overall picture but for more detailed analysis we have to move on to inferential statistics next. In order to make a visual comparison we can use bar graphs. Bar graphs provide an easy way of checking the height of the scores, which basically means seeing the percentage of people choosing different score as their response. Since, the questionnaire was designed to collect ordinal data, using summary measures like mean, median, mode, range and standard deviation will not be an appropriate method for running proper analysis of the data. SPSS commands: Analyze = Descriptive Statistics = Frequencies Graphs = Chart Builder = Bar = Simple bar chart Inferential Statistics In order to draw more meaningful insights and extend the analysis beyond the simple summary measures, we have to use inferential statistics. Inferential Statistics is just a means of inferring information about the population from the sample data at hand. Inferential statistics mainly involves the General Linear Model, which is a family of statistical tests involving the t-test, Analysis of Variance (ANOVA), Analysis of Covariance (ANCOVA), regression analysis and others. We can run many hypothesis tests using the above statistical models in order to draw better insights from the data collected from the survey responses. Now, there are different types of t-tests, each used for a different purpose. These are as follows: One Sample t-test: It is generally used to test whether the population mean is equal to a target value. Now, different hypothesis can be framed for using the one sample t-test. Few examples have been listed below. Null Hypothesis: The average job satisfaction level score is equal to 4 (where 4 = satisfied). Alternate Hypothesis: The average job satisfaction level score is not equal to 4 (where 4 = satisfied). Null Hypothesis: The average agreement score regarding team spirit among the employees is equal to 4 (where 4 = agree) Alternate Hypothesis: The average agreement score regarding team spirit among the employees is not equal to 4 (where 4 = agree) Two Sample t-tests: This type of test is used to test whether the difference between the means of two independent populations is equal to a target value. Few examples are given below. Null Hypothesis: The average job satisfaction level is the same between the male and the female employees Alternate Hypothesis: The average job satisfaction level is not the same between the male and the female employees Null Hypothesis: The average work-life balance satisfaction score is the same between the male and the female employees Alternate Hypothesis: The average work-life balance satisfaction score is not the same between the male and the female employees Paired t test: This type of t-test is used to test whether the mean of the differences between paired or dependent observations is equal to a target value. An example is given below. Now, paired t test is useful when you try to find out the effect of some measure taken on a given population. For example, you want to measure the effect of a drug for cholesterol maybe. So you test the difference in the mean cholesterol level before and after the drug use for the same population. So in the case of the TripleA Company, what can be done is the survey can be conducted twice with a time interval of a month, where within the month, based n the conclusions drawn from the reports on the survey results, few measures are taken to address the problems being faced by the employees and improvements are made in some distress areas. Based on these two survey reports, we can try to see whether there has been a change in the working attitude of the employees. Null Hypothesis: There has been a significant change in the attitude towards work of the employees before and after the new measures. Alternate Hypothesis: There has been no significant change in the attitude towards work of the employees before and after the new measures. SPSS Commands: Analyze = Compare Means = One sample t-test Analyze = Compare Means = Independent samples t-test Analyze = Compare Means = Paired samples t-test Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) ANOVA is used as a statistical model in order to capture variations among and between groups. If you want to check whether there is any difference in the average satisfaction levels between the employees of different levels, then ANOVA is the appropriate method. Null Hypothesis: The mean level of satisfaction or agreement is the same for all the groups Alternate Hypothesis: The mean level of satisfaction or agreement is not the same for all the groups You can test for the difference in the mean scores or the mean responses across the different groups for any of the relevant questions that are deemed to be important. SPSS Command: Analyze = Compare Means = One way ANOV Regression Analysis In case you want to test for causation, then regression analysis is a form of inferential statistical tool that can come of great help. If you want to see whether two or more items on the questionnaire are linked and whether one causes the other, using the method of simple linear regression can help answer all your questions. For example, if you want to know whether the level of satisfaction with the pay or incentives program offered to the employee has an effect on the work engagement of the employee, you can test for such causation using regression analysis. Our main objective of this study is to identify the reasons or the causes for the inappropriate working attitude among the employees. In order to do that, we can take the results found from the above tests that are run, on what are the key areas of dissatisfaction and try to see whether those factors have an overall effect on the work commitment, the work performance and the work engagement of the employee. You can also test fo r multi-colinearity in the model, whereby you can find out whether two factors are correlated to each other. Looking at correlation between the different variables can also help in finding out the underlying problem. SPSS Command: Analyze = Regression = Linear All the above analyses are done using the software, SPSS which provides a very convenient way of running t-tests, ANOVA tests and also regression analysis. After running these series of tests, you can draw meaningful insights from the responses collected and form a proper report on the survey data. The report will then help in trying to find out wherein lies the real problem with the employee and what are the ways the performance of the employees and with it that of the company can be improved, so as to avoid the impending liquidation. Summary Now, we summarize the whole study to see the research design that has been proposed in a nutshell. We shall go over the things point wise. Problem Statement: The problem being faced by the manager of TripleA Company was with its employees. Things were not running smoothly in the company and he feared that the company would be liquidated soon. The manager felt that the issue lied in the working attitude of the employees and wanted to address the same. Objective of Study: Now, the objective of the study as stated earlier is to chalk out a research design for the manager so that he can address the above issue regarding his company. So, the main motive is to identify the problem areas of the company and the issues being faced by the employees so that once the problems can be looked into and a solution can be provided, the overall performance of the company will improve. Sampling Design: The method of sampling chosen for running this research was the stratified sampling method. The reason for choosing this method of sampling is because the company employees form a heterogeneous group with people coming from different backgrounds, holding different positions and working at different levels in the company hierarchy. Instrument for Data Collection: The tool chosen the purpose of data collection is questionnaire. It is the appropriate tool for the kind of research at hand. Depending on the quality of the questionnaire, a lot of important information can be collected from the employees which in turn can help pin point to the underlying problems of the company which is hampering its performance. Research Method: The method that can be used for conducting research for this particular case study is survey. Survey is a very popular and convenient way data is collected and the responses got from the survey are a good means of doing research in any field. Data Analysis: For the purpose of data analysis, both descriptive statistics and inferential statistics have been used. In the case of descriptive statistics, we have confined to simple relative frequency tables and bar graphs to get an overall picture of the data collected from the responses. When moving on to the inferential statistics portion, different statistical models like the t-tests, one-way ANOVA, linear regression model can be used. Few things should always be kept in mind while conducting a survey. These are: The problem areas that are highlighted from the survey response should be acted upon by the senior managers. The language of the questionnaire should be simple, clear and precise. No technical and fancy jargon should be used unless really necessary. The anonymity of the participants should be ensured in order to get genuine responses. The questionnaire should be pilot tested. Instructions regarding the questionnaire should be clearly communicated to the participants. The survey can be conducted for a second time in order to see whether attitudes change among the employees in the way of change in responses. References Ahmad, H., Ahmad, K., Syah, I. (2010). Relationship between job satisfaction, job performance attitude towards work and organizational commitment. European Journal of Social Sciences , 18 (2), 257-267. Dawn, L. (2010, November 2). Handling Employee "Attitude" Problems| A Step-by-Step Guide. Retrieved from toolbox.com: https://hr.toolbox.com/blogs/business-fitness/handling-employee-attitude-problems-a-stepbystep-guide-42263 Employee Survey Checklist . (2017). Retrieved August 7, 2017, from hr-survey.com: https://www.hr-survey.com/employeesurveychecklist.htm Miller, H. S. (2014). 10 Best Practices for Enhanced Employee Engagement. Retrieved August 7, 2017, from millergroup.com: https://www.millergroup.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/09/The-10-Best-Practices-for-Enhanced-Employee-Engagement.pdf Richardson, F. W. (2014). Enhancing Strategies to Improve Workplace Performance. Retrieved August 6, 2017, from scholarworks.waldenu.edu: https://scholarworks.waldenu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?Article=1105context=dissertations Susanty, A., Miradipta, R., Jie, F. (2013). Analysis of the effect of attitude toward works, organizational commitment and job satisfaction on employee's job performance. European Journal of Business and Social Sciences , 1 (10), 15-24. Mowday, R., Porter, L., Steers, R. (1979). The Measurement of organizational commitment. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 14 (2), 224-247. Kothari, C. (2004). Research Methodology: Methods and Techniques. Retrieved August 7, 2017, from modares.ac.ir: https://www.modares.ac.ir/uploads/Agr.Oth.Lib.17.pdf Meyer, J. P., Allen, N. J. (1988). Links between work experience and organizational commitment during the first year of employment: A longitudinal analysis. Journal of Occupational Psychology, 61(3), 195-209. Meyer, J.P. Allen, N.J. (1997). Commitment in the workplace. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications. Riketta, M. (2009). The causal relation between job attitudes and performance: A meta-analysis of panel studies. Journal of Applied Psychology, 93 (2), 47